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For the last few months I've been writing a book for Manning tentatively titled Dependency Injection in .NET. The page about the book is now live at the Manning web site where you can read more about it and, if you would like, purchase an Early Access edition and read the chapters as they are being written.

If you have ever wanted to learn about Dependency Injection (DI) related to .NET, here's your chance!

At the moment I'm about a third of the way into the book, so there's still some way to go, but I hope to be done with it in 2010.

If you decide to purchase an Early Access edition, I'd love to receive your feedback in the online forum.

Comments

The SOLID principles of OOD as originally put forth by Robert C. Martin make for such a catchy acronym, although they seem to originally have been spelled SOLDI.

In any case I've lately been thinking a bit about these principles and it seems to me that the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) and the Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) seem to be very much related. In essence you could say that the ISP is simply SRP applied to interfaces.

The notion underlying both is that a type should deal with only a single concept. Whether that applies to the public API or the internal implementation is less relevant because a corollary to the Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) and Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) is that we shouldn't really care about the internals (unless we are actually implementing, that is).

The API is what matters.

Although I do understand the subtle differences between SRP and ISP I think they are so closely related that one of them is really redundant. We can remove the ISP and still have a fairly good acronym: SOLD (although SOLID is still better).

There's one principle that I think is missing from this set: The principle about Command/Query Separation (CQS). In my opinion, this is a very important principle that should be highlighted more than is currently the case.

If we add CQS to SOLD, we are left with some less attractive acronyms:

• SCOLD
• COLDS
• CLODS

Not nearly as confidence-inspiring acronyms as SOLID, but nonetheless, I'm striving to write COLDS code.

In the previous post on AutoFixture, I demonstrated how it's possible to use a customized Builder to perform complex initialization when requesting an instance of a particular type. To recap, this was the solution I described:

var mc = fixture.CreateAnonymous<MyClass>();
var mvm = fixture.Build<MyViewModel>()
    .Do(x => x.AvailableItems.Add(mc))
    .With(x => x.SelectedItem, mc)
    .CreateAnonymous();

This code first creates an anonymous instance of MyClass that can be added to MyViewModel. It then initializes a Builder for a specific instance of MyViewModel, instructing it to

1. add the anonymous MyClass instance to the list of AvailableItems
2. assign the same instance to the SelectedItem property

While this works splendidly, it can get tiresome to write the same customization over and over again if you need to create multiple instances of the same type. It also violate the DRY principle.

When this is the case, you can alternatively register a customized Builder pipeline for the type in question (in this case MyViewModel). This is done with the Customize method:

var mc = fixture.CreateAnonymous<MyClass>();
fixture.Customize<MyViewModel>(ob => ob
    .Do(x => x.AvailableItems.Add(mc))
    .With(x => x.SelectedItem, mc));

The Customize method takes as input a function that provides an initial ObjectBuilder as input, and returns a new, customized ObjectBuilder as output. This function is registered with the type, so that each time an anonymous instance of the type is requested, the customized ObjectBuilder will be used to create the instance.

In the example, I customize the supplied ObjectBuilder (ob) in exactly the same way as before, but instead of invoking CreateAnonymous, I simply return the customized ObjectBuilder to the Fixture instance. It then saves this customized ObjectBuilder for later use.

With this customization, what before failed now succeeds:

var mvm = fixture.CreateAnonymous<MyViewModel>();

The Customize method is the core method for customizing AutoFixture. Most other customization methods (like Register) are simply convenience methods that wraps Customize. It is a very powerful method that can be used to define some very specific Builder algorithms for particular types.

Comments

public class License
    {
        public virtual DateTime DatePurchased { get; set; }
        public virtual int LicenseDuration { get; set; }
        public virtual EnumDatePeriod PeriodType { get; set; }
        public virtual bool InUse { get; set; }

        public DateTime ExpirationDate()
        {
            ILicenseCalculator calculator = CreateLicenseDurationBuilder(PeriodType);

            return calculator.CalculateLicenseDuration(DatePurchased, LicenseDuration);
        }

        public ILicenseCalculator CreateLicenseDurationBuilder(EnumDatePeriod datePeriod)
        {
            Dictionary<EnumDatePeriod, ILicenseCalculator> calculators = new Dictionary<EnumDatePeriod, ILicenseCalculator>();
            calculators.Add(EnumDatePeriod.Year, new YearLicenseCalculator());
            calculators.Add(EnumDatePeriod.Month, new MonthLicenseCalculator());
            calculators.Add(EnumDatePeriod.Week, new WeekLicenseCalculator());
            calculators.Add(EnumDatePeriod.Day, new DayLicenseCalculator());

            return calculators[datePeriod];
        }
    }

[Fact]
        public void CanCalculateExpirationDateOnExpiredMonthlyLicense()
        {
            Fixture fixture = new Fixture();
            fixture.Customize<License>(x => x
                .With(b => b.DatePurchased == DateTime.Now.AddMonths(-7)));
            var sut = fixture.Create<License>();
        }

Result Message:    
System.ArgumentException : The expression's Body is not a MemberExpression. Most likely this is because it does not represent access to a property or field. 
Parameter name: propertyPicker 

Yesterday I released version .8.6 of AutoFixture. It is a minor release that simply adds some new features.

There are some minor breaking changes (documented on the release page), but they only affect supporting classes and don't touch on any of the code examples I have so far published. In other words, if you are using AutoFixture's fluent interface, your code should still compile.

Please go ahead and download it and use it. As always, comments and questions are welcome, either here or in the forum.

How can you make an AJAX link that updates itself in ASP.NET MVC? My colleague Mikkel and I recently had that problem and we couldn't find any guidance on this topic, so now that we have a solution, I thought I'd share it.

The problem is simple: We needed a link that invoked some server side code and updated the text of the link itself based on the result of the operation. Here is a simplified example:

Each time you click the link, it should invoke a Controller Action and return a new number that should appear as the link text.

This is pretty simple to implement once you know how. The first thing to realize is that the link and all the AJAX stuff must be placed in a user control. The only thing that needs to go into the containing page is the containing element itself:

<h2>Self-updating AJAX link</h2>
Click the link to update the number:
<span id="thespan">
    <% this.Html.RenderPartial("NumberAjaxUserControl"); %>
</span>

Notice the id of the span element - this same id will be referenced from the user control.

To bootstrap this view, the Controller Action for the page contains code that assigns an initial value to the number (in this case 1):

public ActionResult Index()
{
    this.ViewData["number"] = 1.ToString();
    return this.View();
}

To keep the example simple, I simply add the number to the ViewData dictionary, but in any production implementation, I would opt to use a strongly typed ViewModel instead.

The NumberAjaxUserControl itself only contains the definition of the AJAX link:

<%@ Control Language="C#" Inherits="System.Web.Mvc.ViewUserControl" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" %>
<%= this.Ajax.ActionLink((string)this.ViewData["number"],
    "GetNext",
    new { number = this.ViewData["number"] }, 
    new AjaxOptions { UpdateTargetId = "thespan" })%>

The first parameter to the ActionLink method is simply the current number to render as the link text. Since I'm using the untyped ViewData dictionary for this example, I need to cast it to a string.

The next parameter ("GetNext") indicates the Controller Action to invoke when the link is clicked - I will cover that shortly.

The third parameter is a Route Value that specifies that the parameter number with the correct value will be supplied to the GetNext Controller Action. It uses the number stored in ViewData.

The last parameter indicates the id of the element to update. Recall from before that this name was "thespan".

The only missing piece now is the GetNext Controller Action:

public PartialViewResult GetNext(int number)
{
    this.ViewData["number"] = (number + 1).ToString();
    return this.PartialView("NumberAjaxUserControl");
}

In this example I simply chose to increment the number by one, but I'm sure you can imagine that this method could just as well perform a database lookup or something similar.

Notice that the method returns a PartialViewResult that uses the same user control that I used to bootstrap the thespan element. This means that every time the link is clicked, the GetNext method is updated, and the exact same user control is used to render the content that dynamically replaces the original content of the element.

Comments

It gives me great pleasure to announce that I have just release version .8.5 of AutoFixture. It is a minor release (hence the numbering) that mainly contains a lot of convenience overloads to already existing methods. There is also a single bug fix.

There are two breaking changes (documented on the release page), but they are minor and I do not expect them to cause problems. Only one of these even remotely affects any part of the API I have already discussed here, and that relates to what kind of exception is being thrown when AutoFixture is unable to create an instance of the requested type.

Please go ahead and download it and use it heavily :) As always, comments and questions are welcome.

Soon after I posted my post on the AutoFixture Custom Builder's Do method, a much better example occurred to me, so let's revisit this feature in light of a more reasonable context.

When I write WPF code, I always use the MVVM pattern. When I need to create a Master/Detail View, I usually model it so that my View Model has a list of available items, and a property that returns the currently selected item. In this way, I can bind the current Detail View to the currently selected item purely through the View Model.

Such a View Model might look like this:

public class MyViewModel
{
    private readonly List<MyClass> availableItems;
    private MyClass selectedItem;
 
    public MyViewModel()
    {
        this.availableItems = new List<MyClass>();
    }
 
    public ICollection<MyClass> AvailableItems
    {
        get { return this.availableItems; }
    }
 
    public MyClass SelectedItem
    {
        get { return this.selectedItem; }
        set 
        {
            if (!this.availableItems.Contains(value))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("...");
            }
            this.selectedItem = value;
        }
    }
}

The main point of interest is that if you attempt to set SelectedItem to an instance that's not contained in the list of available items, an exception will be thrown. That's reasonable behavior, since we want the user to select only from the available items.

By default, AutoFixture works by assigning an Anonymous Value to all writable properties. Since these values are auto-generated, the value AutoFixture is going to assign to SelectedItem will be a new instance of MyClass, and thus not one of the available items. In other words, this will throw an exception:

var mvm = fixture.CreateAnonymous<MyViewModel>();

There are several solutions to this situation, depending on the scenario. If you need an instance with SelectedItem correctly set to a non-null value, you can use the Do method like this:

var mc = fixture.CreateAnonymous<MyClass>();
var mvm = fixture.Build<MyViewModel>()
    .Do(x => x.AvailableItems.Add(mc))
    .With(x => x.SelectedItem, mc)
    .CreateAnonymous();

This first creates an anonymous instance of MyClass, adds it to AvailableItems as part of a customized Builder pipeline and subsequently assigns it to SelectedItem.

Another option is to skip assigning only the SelectedItem property. This is a good option if you don't need that value in a particular test. You can use the Without method to do that:

var mvm = fixture.Build<MyViewModel>()
    .Without(s => s.SelectedItem)
    .CreateAnonymous();

This will assign a value to all other writable properties of MyViewModel (if it had had any), except the SelectedItem property. In this case, the value of SelectedItem will be null, since it is being ignored.

Finally you can simply choose to omit all AutoProperties using the OmitAutoProperties method:

var mvm = fixture.Build<MyViewModel>()
    .OmitAutoProperties()
    .CreateAnonymous();

In this scenario, only MyViewModel's constructor is being executed, while all writable properties are being ignored.

As you can see, AutoFixture offers great flexibility in providing specialized custom Builders that fit almost any situation.

Comments

The default behavior of AutoFixture is to create an Anonymous Variable by assigning a value to all writable properties of the created instance. This is great in many scenarios, but not so much in others. You can disable this behavior by using the OmitAutoProperties method, but sometimes, you would like most of the writable properties set, except one or two.

Consider this simple Person class:

public class Person
{
    private Person spouse;
 
    public DateTime BirthDay { get; set; }
 
    public string Name { get; set; }
 
    public Person Spouse 
    {
        get { return this.spouse; }
        set
        {
            this.spouse = value;
            if (value != null)
            {
                value.spouse = this;
            }
        }
    }
}

The main trouble with this class, seen from AutoFixture's perspective, is the circular reference exposed by the Spouse property. When AutoFixture attempts to create an anonymous instance of Person, it will create anonymous values for all writable properties, and that includes the Spouse property, so it attempts to create a new instance of the Person class and assign values to all public properties, including the Spouse property, etc.

In other words, this line of code throws a StackOverflowException:

var person = fixture.CreateAnonymous<Person>();

If you would still like to have anonymous values assigned to Name and BirthDay, you can use the Without method:

var person = fixture.Build<Person>()
    .Without(p => p.Spouse)
    .CreateAnonymous();

This will give you an anonymous instance of the Person class, but with the Spouse property still with its default value of null.

Several calls to Without can be chained if you want to skip more than one property.

If you are doing Rich UI, INotifyPropertyChanged is a pretty important interface. This is as true for WPF as it was for Windows Forms. Consisting solely of an event, it's not any harder to unit test than other events.

You can certainly write each test manually like the following.

[TestMethod]
public void ChangingMyPropertyWillRaiseNotifyEvent_Classic()
{
    // Fixture setup
    bool eventWasRaised = false;
    var sut = new MyClass();
    sut.PropertyChanged += (sender, e) =>
        {
            if (e.PropertyName == "MyProperty")
            {
                eventWasRaised = true;
            }
        };
    // Exercise system
    sut.MyProperty = "Some new value";
    // Verify outcome
    Assert.IsTrue(eventWasRaised, "Event was raised");
    // Teardown
}

Even for a one-off test, this one has a few problems. From an xUnit Test Patterns point of view, there's the issue that the test contains conditional logic, but that aside, the main problem is that if you have a lot of properties, writing all these very similar tests become old hat very soon.

To make testing INotifyPropertyChanged events easier, I created a simple fluent interface that allows me to write the same test like this:

[TestMethod]
public void ChangingMyPropertyWillRaiseNotifyEvent_Fluent()
{
    // Fixture setup
    var sut = new MyClass();
    // Exercise system and verify outcome
    sut.ShouldNotifyOn(s => s.MyProperty)
        .When(s => s.MyProperty = "Some new value");
    // Teardown
}

You simply state for which property you want to verify the event when a certain operation is invoked. This is certainly more concise and intention-revealing than the previous test.

If you have interdependent properties, you can specify than an event was raised when another property was modified.

[TestMethod]
public void ChangingMyPropertyWillRaiseNotifyForDerived()
{
    // Fixture setup
    var sut = new MyClass();
    // Exercise system and verify outcome
    sut.ShouldNotifyOn(s => s.MyDerivedProperty)
        .When(s => s.MyProperty = "Some new value");
    // Teardown
}

The When method takes any Action<T>, so you can also invoke methods, use Closures and what not.

There's also a ShouldNotNotifyOn method to verify that an event was not raised when a particular operation was invoked.

This fluent interface is implemented with an extension method on INotifyPropertyChanged, combined with a custom class that performs the verification. Here are the extension methods:

public static class NotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public static NotifyExpectation<T>
        ShouldNotifyOn<T, TProperty>(this T owner,
        Expression<Func<T, TProperty>> propertyPicker) 
        where T : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        return NotifyPropertyChanged.CreateExpectation(owner,
            propertyPicker, true);
    }
 
    public static NotifyExpectation<T> 
        ShouldNotNotifyOn<T, TProperty>(this T owner,
        Expression<Func<T, TProperty>> propertyPicker)
        where T : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        return NotifyPropertyChanged.CreateExpectation(owner,
            propertyPicker, false);
    }
 
    private static NotifyExpectation<T>
        CreateExpectation<T, TProperty>(T owner,
        Expression<Func<T, TProperty>> pickProperty,
        bool eventExpected) where T : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        string propertyName =
            ((MemberExpression)pickProperty.Body).Member.Name;
        return new NotifyExpectation<T>(owner,
            propertyName, eventExpected);
    }
}

And here's the NotifyExpectation class returned by both extension methods:

public class NotifyExpectation<T>
    where T : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    private readonly T owner;
    private readonly string propertyName;
    private readonly bool eventExpected;
 
    public NotifyExpectation(T owner,
        string propertyName, bool eventExpected)
    {
        this.owner = owner;
        this.propertyName = propertyName;
        this.eventExpected = eventExpected;
    }
 
    public void When(Action<T> action)
    {
        bool eventWasRaised = false;
        this.owner.PropertyChanged += (sender, e) =>
        {
            if (e.PropertyName == this.propertyName)
            {
                eventWasRaised = true;
            }
        };
        action(this.owner);
 
        Assert.AreEqual<bool>(this.eventExpected,
            eventWasRaised,
            "PropertyChanged on {0}", this.propertyName);
    }
}

You can replace the Assertion with one that matches your test framework of choice (this one was written for MSTest).

Comments

Since AutoFixture is a Test Data Builder, one of its most important tasks is to build up graphs of fully populated, yet semantically correct, strongly typed objects. As such, its default behavior is to assign a value to every writable property in the object graph.

While this is sometimes the desired behavior, at other times it is not.

This is particularly the case when you want to test that a newly created object has a property of a particular value. When you want to test the default value of a writable property, AutoFixture's AutoProperty feature is very much in the way.

Let's consider as an example a piece of software that deals with vehicle registration. By default, a vehicle should have four wheels, since this is the most common occurrence. Although I always practice TDD, I'll start by showing you the Vehicle class to illustrate what I mean.

public class Vehicle
{
    public Vehicle()
    {
        this.Wheels = 4;
    }
 
    public int Wheels { get; set; }
}

Here's a test that ensures that the default number of wheels is 4 - or does it?

In fact the assertion fails because the actual value is 1, not 4.

[TestMethod]
public void AnonymousVehicleHasWheelsAssignedByFixture()
{
    // Fixture setup
    var fixture = new Fixture();
    var sut = fixture.CreateAnonymous<Vehicle>();
    // Exercise system
    var result = sut.Wheels;
    // Verify outcome
    Assert.AreEqual<int>(4, result, "Wheels");
    // Teardown
}

Why does the test fail when the value of Wheels is set to 4 in the constructor? It fails because AutoFixture is designed to create populated test data, so it assigns a value to every writable property. Wheels is a writable property, so AutoFixture assigns an integer value to it using its default algorithm for creating anonymous numbers. Since no other numbers are being created during this test, the number assigned to Wheels is 1. This is AutoFixture's AutoProperties feature in effect.

When you want to test constructor logic, or otherwise wish to disable the AutoProperties feature, you can use a customized Builder with the OmitAutoProperties method:

[TestMethod]
public void VehicleWithoutAutoPropertiesWillHaveFourWheels()
{
    // Fixture setup
    var fixture = new Fixture();
    var sut = fixture.Build<Vehicle>()
        .OmitAutoProperties()
        .CreateAnonymous();
    // Exercise system
    var result = sut.Wheels;
    // Verify outcome
    Assert.AreEqual<int>(4, result, "Wheels");
    // Teardown
}

The OmitAutoProperties method instructs AutoFixture to skip assigning automatic Anonymous Values to all writable properties in the object graph. Any properties specifically assigned by the With method will still be assigned.

The test using OmitAutoProperties succeeds.